| Background: |
The Kingdom of
Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was
changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Occupation by Nazi Germany in
1941 was resisted by various partisan bands that fought
themselves as well as the invaders. The group headed by
Marshal TITO took full control upon German expulsion in
1945. Although communist in name, his new government
successfully steered its own path between the Warsaw Pact
nations and the West for the next four and a half decades.
In the early 1990s, post-TITO Yugoslavia began to unravel
along ethnic lines: Slovenia, Croatia, and The Former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia all declared their
independence in 1991; Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992. The
remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new
"Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" in 1992 and,
under President Slobodan MILOSEVIC, Serbia led various
military intervention efforts to unite Serbs in neighboring
republics into a "Greater Serbia." All of these
efforts were ultimately unsuccessful. In 1999, massive
expulsions by Serbs of ethnic Albanians living in the
autonomous republic of Kosovo provoked an international
response, including the NATO bombing of Serbia and the
stationing of NATO and Russian peacekeepers in Kosovo.
Blatant attempts to manipulate presidential balloting in
October of 2000 were followed by massive nationwide
demonstrations and strikes that saw the election winner,
Vojislav KOSTUNICA, replace MILOSEVIC. |
| Location: |
Southeastern
Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Albania and
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Geographic
coordinates: |
44 00 N, 21 00 E |
| Area: |
total:
102,350 sq km
land: 102,136 sq km
water: 214 sq km |
| Area
- comparative: |
slightly smaller
than Kentucky |
| Land
boundaries: |
total:
2,246 km
border countries: Albania 287 km, Bosnia and
Herzegovina 527 km, Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km,
Croatia (south) 25 km, Hungary 151 km, The Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km |
| Climate: |
in the north,
continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers
with well distributed rainfall); central portion,
continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south,
Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and
autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall
inland |
| Terrain: |
extremely varied;
to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone
ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and
hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no
islands off the coast |
| Elevation
extremes: |
lowest point:
Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Daravica 2,656 m |
| Natural
resources: |
oil, gas, coal,
antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome,
hydropower, arable land |
| Land
use: |
arable land:
40%
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pastures: 20.7%
forests and woodland: 17.3%
other: 22% (1998 est.) |
| Natural
hazards: |
destructive
earthquakes |
| Environment
- current issues: |
pollution of
coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in
tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around
Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from
industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the
Danube |
| Environment
- international agreements: |
party to:
Air Pollution, Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity |
| Geography
- note: |
controls one of
the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the
Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast |
| Population: |
10,677,290
note: all data dealing with population is
subject to considerable error because of the dislocations
caused by military action and ethnic cleansing (July 2001
est.) |
| Age
structure: |
0-14 years:
19.8% (male 1,095,905; female 1,024,123)
15-64 years: 65.3% (male 3,415,728; female
3,553,343)
65 years and over: 14.9% (male 681,559; female
906,632) (2001 est.) |
| Population
growth rate: |
-0.27% (2001
est.) |
| Birth
rate: |
12.61
births/1,000 population (2001 est.) |
| Death
rate: |
10.54
deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) |
| Net
migration rate: |
-4.71 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2001 est.) |
| Sex
ratio: |
at birth:
1.08 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001
est.) |
| Infant
mortality rate: |
17.42
deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) |
| Life
expectancy at birth: |
total
population: 73.5 years
male: 70.57 years
female: 76.67 years (2001 est.) |
| Total
fertility rate: |
1.75 children
born/woman (2001 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- adult prevalence rate: |
NA% |
| HIV/AIDS
- people living with HIV/AIDS: |
NA |
| Nationality: |
noun:
Serb(s); Montenegrin(s)
adjective: Serbian; Montenegrin |
| Ethnic
groups: |
Serb 62.6%,
Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%, Hungarian 3.3%, other 12.6%
(1991) |
| Religions: |
Orthodox 65%,
Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11% |
| Languages: |
Serbian 95%,
Albanian 5% |
| Literacy: |
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 93%
male: 97.2%
female: 88.9% (1991) |
| Country
name: |
conventional
long form: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
conventional short form: Yugoslavia
local long form: Savezna Republika Jugoslavija
local short form: Jugoslavija |
| Government
type: |
republic |
| Administrative
divisions: |
2 republics (republike,
singular - republika); and 2 nominally autonomous provinces*
(autonomn pokrajine, singular - autonomna pokrajina); Kosovo*,
Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina* |
| Independence: |
27 April 1992
(Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or FRY formed as
self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia or SFRY) |
| National
holiday: |
Republic Day, 29
November |
| Constitution: |
27 April 1992 |
| Legal
system: |
based on civil
law system |
| Suffrage: |
16 years of age,
if employed; 18 years of age, universal |
| Executive
branch: |
chief of
state: President Vojislav KOSTUNICA (since 7
October 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Dragisa
PESIC (since 24 July 2001); Deputy Prime Minister Miroljub
LABUS (since 25 January 2001)
cabinet: Federal Executive Council
elections: president elected by direct popular
vote for up to two, four-year terms; election last held 24
September 2000 (next to be held NA 2004); prime minister
appointed by the president
election results: Vojislav KOSTUNICA elected
president; percent of vote - Vojislav KOSTUNICA 55%,
Slobodan MILOSEVIC 35% |
| Legislative
branch: |
bicameral Federal
Assembly or Savezna Skupstina consists of the Chamber of
Republics or Vece Republika (40 seats - 20 Serbian, 20
Montenegrin; members distributed on the basis of party
representation in the republican assemblies to serve
four-year terms; note - the Assembly passed a new
constitutional amendment calling for direct elections for
the deputies to the upper chamber) and the Chamber of
Citizens or Vece Gradjana (138 seats - 108 Serbian with half
elected by constituency majorities and half by proportional
representation, 30 Montenegrin with six elected by
constituency and 24 proportionally; members serve four-year
terms)
elections: Chamber of Republics - last held 24
September 2000 (next to be held NA 2004); Chamber of
Citizens - last held 24 September 2000 (next to be held NA
2004)
election results: Chamber of Republics -
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - SNP 19, DOS
10, SPS/JUL 7, SRS 2, SPO 1, SNS 1; note - seats are filled
on a proportional basis to reflect the composition of the
legislatures of the republics of Montenegro and Serbia;
since 1998 Serbia has effectively barred Montenegro from its
constitutional right to delegate deputies to the Chamber of
Republics; Chamber of Citizens - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - DOS 55, SPS/JUL 46, SNP 28, SRS 4, SNS
2, other 3 |
| Judicial
branch: |
Federal Court or
Savezni Sud; Constitutional Court; judges for both courts
are elected by the Federal Assembly for nine-year terms |
| Political
parties and leaders: |
Alliance of
Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM [Jozsef KASZA]; Civic Alliance
of Serbia or GSS [Vesna PESIC]; Coalition Sandzak [Rasim
JAJIC]; Coalition Sumadija [Branislav KOVACEVIC]; Democratic
Alternative of DA [Nebojsa COVIC]; Democratic Center or DC [Dragoljub
MICUNOVIC]; Democratic Christian Party of Serbia of DHSS [Vladan
BATIC]; Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Dr. Ibrahim
RUGOVA, president]; Democratic Opposition of Serbia or DOS
[leader NA]; Democratic Party or DS [Zoran DJINDJIC];
Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS [Vojislav KOSTUNICA];
Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro or DPS [Milo
DJUKANOVIC]; Movement for a Democratic Serbia or PDS [Momcilo
PERISIC]; New Democracy or ND [Dusan MIHAJLOVIC]; New Serbia
[Velimir ILIC and Milan St. PROTIC]; People's Party of
Montenegro or NS [Dragan SOC]; Serb People's Party or SNS
[leader NA]; Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Vojislav SESELJ];
Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC, president];
Serbian Socialist Party or SPS (former Communist Party) [Slobodan
MILOSEVIC]; Social Democracy or SD [Vuk OBRADOVIC]; Social
Democratic Union or SDU [Zarko KORAC]; Socialist People's
Party of Montenegro or SNP [Momir BULATOVIC]; Yugoslav
United Left or JUL [Ljubisa RISTIC] |
| Political
pressure groups and leaders: |
Alliance for the
Future of Kosovo or AAK [leader RAMUSH]; Group of 17
Independent Economists or G-17 [leader NA]; National
Movement for the Liberation of Kosovo or LKCK [Sabit GASHI];
Otpor Student Resistance Movement [leader NA]; Political
Council for Presevo, Meveda and Bujanovac or PCPMB [leader
NA]; The People's Movement for Kosovo or LPK [leader NA] |
| International
organization participation: |
BIS, CE (guest),
FAO (applicant), G- 9, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, ICC,
ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat,
Intelsat, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, OSCE,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO
(observer) |
| Diplomatic
representation in the US: |
chief of
mission: Ambassador Milan PROTIC
chancery: 2410 California St. NW, Washington,
DC 20008
note: Yugoslavia restored its diplomatic
mission in the US in November 2000 after temporarily ceasing
its operations at the beginning of the March 1999 NATO
bombing campaign |
| Diplomatic
representation from the US: |
chief of
mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires
William MONTGOMERY
embassy: Kneza Milosa 30, 11000 Belgrade
note: the US reestablished relations with
Yugoslavia 17 November 2000; the embassy is not scheduled to
open for business until extensive renovations have been
completed |
| Flag
description: |
three equal
horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red |
| Economy
- overview: |
The swift
collapse of the Yugoslav federation in 1991 was followed by
highly destructive warfare, the destabilization of republic
boundaries, and the breakup of important interrepublic trade
flows. Output in Yugoslavia dropped by half in 1992-93. Like
the other former Yugoslav republics, it had depended on its
sister republics for large amounts of energy and
manufactures. Wide differences in climate, mineral
resources, and levels of technology among the republics
accentuated this interdependence, as did the communist
practice of concentrating much industrial output in a small
number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade
links, the sharp drop in output as industrial plants lost
suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical
assets in the fighting all have contributed to the economic
difficulties of the republics. Hyperinflation ended with the
establishment of a new currency unit in June 1993; prices
were relatively stable from 1995 through 1997, but
inflationary pressures resurged in 1998. Reliable statistics
continue to be hard to come by, and the GDP estimate is
extremely rough. The economic boom anticipated by the
government after the suspension of UN sanctions in December
1995 has failed to materialize. Government mismanagement of
the economy is largely to blame, but the damage to
Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry by the NATO bombing
during the war in Kosovo have added to problems. All
sanctions now have been lifted. Yugoslavia is in the first
stage of economic reform. Severe electricity shortages are
chronic, the result of lack of investment by former regimes,
depleted hydropower reservoirs due to extended drought, and
lack of funds. GDP growth in 2000 was perhaps 15%, which
made up for a large part of the 20% decline of 1999. |
| GDP: |
purchasing power
parity - $24.2 billion (2000 est.) |
| GDP
- real growth rate: |
15% (2000 est.) |
| GDP
- per capita: |
purchasing power
parity - $2,300 (2000 est.) |
| GDP
- composition by sector: |
agriculture:
20%
industry: 50%
services: 30% (1998 est.) |
| Population
below poverty line: |
NA% |
| Household
income or consumption by percentage share: |
lowest 10%:
NA%
highest 10%: NA% |
| Inflation
rate (consumer prices): |
42% (1999 est.) |
| Labor
force: |
1.6 million (1999
est.) |
| Labor
force - by occupation: |
agriculture NA%,
industry NA%, services NA% |
| Unemployment
rate: |
30% (2000 est.) |
| Budget: |
revenues:
$NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital
expenditures of $NA |
| Industries: |
machine building
(aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; tanks and weapons;
electrical equipment; agricultural machinery); metallurgy
(steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony,
bismuth, cadmium); mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore,
iron ore, limestone); consumer goods (textiles, footwear,
foodstuffs, appliances); electronics, petroleum products,
chemicals, and pharmaceuticals |
| Industrial
production growth rate: |
-22% (1999 est.) |
| Electricity
- production: |
34.455 billion
kWh (1999) |
| Electricity
- production by source: |
fossil fuel:
70%
hydro: 30%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999) |
| Electricity
- consumption: |
33.006 billion
kWh (1999) |
| Electricity
- exports: |
960 million kWh
(1999) |
| Electricity
- imports: |
1.923 billion kWh
(1999) |
| Agriculture
- products: |
cereals, fruits,
vegetables, tobacco, olives; cattle, sheep, goats |
| Exports: |
$1.5 billion
(1999) |
| Exports
- commodities: |
manufactured
goods, food and live animals, raw materials |
| Exports
- partners: |
Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Italy, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia, Germany (1998) |
| Imports: |
$3.3 billion
(1999) |
| Imports
- commodities: |
machinery and
transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manufactured
goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials |
| Imports
- partners: |
Germany, Italy,
Russia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (1998) |
| Debt
- external: |
$14.1 billion
(1999 est.) |
| Economic
aid - recipient: |
$NA |
| Currency: |
new Yugoslav
dinar (YUM); note - in Montenegro the German deutsche mark
is legal tender (1999) |
| Exchange
rates: |
new Yugoslav
dinars per US dollar - official rate: 10.0 (December 1998),
5.85 (December 1997), 5.02 (September 1996), 1.5 (early
1995); black market rate: 14.5 (December 1998), 8.9
(December 1997), 2 to 3 (early 1995) |
| Fiscal
year: |
calendar year |
| Telephones
- main lines in use: |
2.017 million
(1995) |
| Telephones
- mobile cellular: |
87,000 (1997) |
| Telephone
system: |
general
assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) |
| Radio
broadcast stations: |
AM 113, FM 194,
shortwave 2 (1998) |
| Radios: |
3.15 million
(1997) |
| Television
broadcast stations: |
more than 771
(including 86 strong stations and 685 low-power stations,
plus 20 repeaters in the principal networks; also numerous
local or private stations in Serbia and Vojvodina) (1997) |
| Televisions: |
2.75 million
(1997) |
| Internet
Service Providers (ISPs): |
9 (2000) |
| Internet
users: |
80,000 (2000) |
| Railways: |
total:
4,095 km
standard gauge: 4,095 km 1.435-m gauge (1,377
km partially electrified since 1992)
note: during to the 1999 Kosovo conflict, the
Serbian rail system suffered significant damage due to
bridge destruction; many rail bridges have been rebuilt, but
the bridge over the Danube at Novi Sad was still down in
early 2000; however, a by-pass is available; Montenegrin
rail lines remain intact |
| Highways: |
total:
48,603 km
paved: 28,822 km (including 560 km of
expressways)
unpaved: 19,781 km (1998 est.)
note: because of the 1999 Kosovo conflict, many
road bridges were destroyed; since the end of the conflict
in June 1999, there has been an intensive program to either
rebuild bridges or build by-pass routes |
| Waterways: |
587 km
note: The Danube River, which connects Europe
with the Black Sea, runs through Serbia; since early 2000, a
pontoon bridge, replacing a destroyed conventional bridge,
has obstructed river traffic at Novi Sad; the obstruction
can be bypassed by a canal system but inadequate lock size
limits the size of vessels which may pass (2001) |
| Pipelines: |
crude oil 415 km;
petroleum products 130 km; natural gas 2,110 km |
| Ports
and harbors: |
Bar, Belgrade,
Kotor, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Tivat, Zelenika |
| Merchant
marine: |
total:
1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,437 GRT/400 DWT
ships by type: short-sea passenger 1 (2000
est.) |
| Airports
- with paved runways: |
total:
19
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 4 (2000 est.) |
| Airports
- with unpaved runways: |
total:
28
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 12
under 914 m: 14 (2000 est.) |
| Military
branches: |
Army (including
ground forces with border troops, naval forces, air and air
defense forces) |
| Military
manpower - military age: |
19 years of age |
| Military
manpower - availability: |
males age
15-49: 2,600,362 (2001 est.) |
| Military
manpower - fit for military service: |
males age
15-49: 2,088,595 (2001 est.) |
| Military
manpower - reaching military age annually: |
males:
82,542 (2001 est.) |
| Military
expenditures - dollar figure: |
$760 million
(FY00) |
| Military
expenditures - percent of GDP: |
NA% |
| Disputes
- international: |
Albanian majority
in Kosovo seeks independence from Yugoslavia; Croatia and
Yugoslavia are negotiating the status of the strategically
important Prevlaka Peninsula, which is currently under a UN
military observer mission (UNMOP); the February 2001
agreement with the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
settled alignment of boundary, stipulating implementation
within two years |
| Illicit
drugs: |
transshipment
point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western Europe on
the Balkan route |
|
