| Background: |
The defeat of the
Russian Empire in World War I led to the seizure of power by
the communists and the formation of the USSR. The brutal
rule of Josef STALIN (1924-53) strengthened Russian
dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions
of lives. The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the
following decades until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV
(1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika
(restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but
his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by
December 1991 splintered the USSR into 15 independent
republics. Since then, Russia has struggled in its efforts
to build a democratic political system and market economy to
replace the strict social, political, and economic controls
of the communist period. |
| Location: |
Northern Asia
(that part west of the Urals is sometimes included with
Europe), bordering the Arctic Ocean, between Europe and the
North Pacific Ocean |
| Geographic
coordinates: |
60 00 N, 100 00 E |
| Area: |
total:
17,075,200 sq km
land: 16,995,800 sq km
water: 79,400 sq km |
| Area
- comparative: |
slightly less
than 1.8 times the size of the US |
| Land
boundaries: |
total:
19,961 km
border countries: Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus
959 km, China (southeast) 3,605 km, China (south) 40 km,
Estonia 294 km, Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km, Kazakhstan
6,846 km, North Korea 19 km, Latvia 217 km, Lithuania (Kaliningrad
Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,485 km, Norway 167 km, Poland (Kaliningrad
Oblast) 206 km, Ukraine 1,576 km |
| Maritime
claims: |
continental
shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
territorial sea: 12 NM |
| Climate: |
ranges from
steppes in the south through humid continental in much of
European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in
the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea
coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the
steppes to cool along Arctic coast |
| Terrain: |
broad plain with
low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra
in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border
regions |
| Elevation
extremes: |
lowest point:
Caspian Sea -28 m
highest point: Gora El'brus 5,633 m |
| Natural
resources: |
wide natural
resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas,
coal, and many strategic minerals, timber
note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain,
and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources |
| Land
use: |
arable land:
8%
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pastures: 4%
forests and woodland: 46%
other: 42% (1993 est.) |
| Irrigated
land: |
40,000 sq km
(1993 est.) |
| Natural
hazards: |
permafrost over
much of Siberia is a major impediment to development;
volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and
earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula |
| Environment
- current issues: |
air pollution
from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric
plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial,
municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways
and sea coasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil
contamination from improper application of agricultural
chemicals; scattered areas of sometimes intense radioactive
contamination; ground water contamination from toxic waste |
| Environment
- international agreements: |
party to:
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur
85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine
Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands,
Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulphur
94, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol |
| Geography
- note: |
largest country
in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in
relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its size,
much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either
too cold or too dry) for agriculture |
| Population: |
145,470,197 (July
2001 est.) |
| Age
structure: |
0-14 years:
17.41% (male 12,915,026; female 12,405,341)
15-64 years: 69.78% (male 49,183,000; female
52,320,962)
65 years and over: 12.81% (male 5,941,944;
female 12,703,924) (2001 est.) |
| Population
growth rate: |
-0.35% (2001
est.) |
| Birth
rate: |
9.35 births/1,000
population (2001 est.) |
| Death
rate: |
13.85
deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) |
| Net
migration rate: |
0.98 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2001 est.) |
| Sex
ratio: |
at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.47 male(s)/female
total population: 0.88 male(s)/female (2001
est.) |
| Infant
mortality rate: |
20.05
deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) |
| Life
expectancy at birth: |
total
population: 67.34 years
male: 62.12 years
female: 72.83 years (2001 est.) |
| Total
fertility rate: |
1.27 children
born/woman (2001 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- adult prevalence rate: |
0.18% (1999 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- people living with HIV/AIDS: |
130,000 (1999
est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- deaths: |
850 (1999 est.) |
| Nationality: |
noun:
Russian(s)
adjective: Russian |
| Ethnic
groups: |
Russian 81.5%,
Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%, Bashkir 0.9%,
Byelorussian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1% |
| Religions: |
Russian Orthodox,
Muslim, other |
| Languages: |
Russian, other |
| Literacy: |
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98%
male: 100%
female: 97% (1989 est.) |
| Country
name: |
conventional
long form: Russian Federation
conventional short form: Russia
local long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
local short form: Rossiya
former: Russian Empire, Russian Soviet
Federative Socialist Republic |
| Government
type: |
federation |
| Administrative
divisions: |
49 oblasts (oblastey,
singular - oblast), 21 republics* (respublik, singular -
respublika), 10 autonomous okrugs**(avtonomnykh okrugov,
singular - avtonomnyy okrug), 6 krays*** (krayev, singular -
kray), 2 federal cities (singular - gorod)****, and 1
autonomous oblast*****(avtonomnaya oblast'); Adygeya (Maykop)*,
Aginskiy Buryatskiy (Aginskoye)**, Altay (Gorno-Altaysk)*,
Altayskiy (Barnaul)***, Amurskaya (Blagoveshchensk),
Arkhangel'skaya, Astrakhanskaya, Bashkortostan (Ufa)*,
Belgorodskaya, Bryanskaya, Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude)*, Chechnya (Groznyy)*,
Chelyabinskaya, Chitinskaya, Chukotskiy (Anadyr')**,
Chuvashiya (Cheboksary)*, Dagestan (Makhachkala)*,
Evenkiyskiy (Tura)**, Ingushetiya (Nazran')*, Irkutskaya,
Ivanovskaya, Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik)*,
Kaliningradskaya, Kalmykiya (Elista)*, Kaluzhskaya,
Kamchatskaya (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy),
Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk)*, Kareliya (Petrozavodsk)*,
Kemerovskaya, Khabarovskiy***, Khakasiya (Abakan)*,
Khanty-Mansiyskiy (Khanty-Mansiysk)**, Kirovskaya, Komi (Syktyvkar)*,
Koryakskiy (Palana)**, Kostromskaya, Krasnodarskiy***,
Krasnoyarskiy***, Kurganskaya, Kurskaya, Leningradskaya,
Lipetskaya, Magadanskaya, Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola)*, Mordoviya
(Saransk)*, Moskovskaya, Moskva (Moscow)****, Murmanskaya,
Nenetskiy (Nar'yan-Mar)**, Nizhegorodskaya, Novgorodskaya,
Novosibirskaya, Omskaya, Orenburgskaya, Orlovskaya (Orel),
Penzenskaya, Permskaya, Komi-Permyatskiy (Kudymkar)**,
Primorskiy (Vladivostok)***, Pskovskaya, Rostovskaya,
Ryazanskaya, Sakha (Yakutsk)*, Sakhalinskaya (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk),
Samarskaya, Sankt-Peterburg (Saint Petersburg)****,
Saratovskaya, Severnaya Osetiya-Alaniya [North Ossetia] (Vladikavkaz)*,
Smolenskaya, Stavropol'skiy***, Sverdlovskaya (Yekaterinburg),
Tambovskaya, Tatarstan (Kazan')*, Taymyrskiy (Dudinka)**,
Tomskaya, Tul'skaya, Tverskaya, Tyumenskaya, Tyva (Kyzyl)*,
Udmurtiya (Izhevsk)*, Ul'yanovskaya, Ust'-Ordynskiy
Buryatskiy (Ust'-Ordynskiy)**, Vladimirskaya, Volgogradskaya,
Vologodskaya, Voronezhskaya, Yamalo-Nenetskiy (Salekhard)**,
Yaroslavskaya, Yevreyskaya*****; note - when using a place
name with an adjectival ending 'skaya' or 'skiy,' the word
Oblast' or Avonomnyy Okrug or Kray should be added to the
place name
note: the autonomous republics of Chechnya and
Ingushetiya were formerly the autonomous republic of
Checheno-Ingushetia (the boundary between Chechnya and
Ingushetia has yet to be determined); administrative
divisions have the same names as their administrative
centers (exceptions have the administrative center name
following in parentheses) |
| Independence: |
24 August 1991
(from Soviet Union) |
| National
holiday: |
Russia Day, 12
June (1990) |
| Constitution: |
adopted 12
December 1993 |
| Legal
system: |
based on civil
law system; judicial review of legislative acts |
| Suffrage: |
18 years of age;
universal |
| Executive
branch: |
chief of
state: President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN
(acting president since 31 December 1999, president since 7
May 2000)
head of government: Premier Mikhail
Mikhaylovich KASYANOV (since 7 May 2000); First Deputy
Premier Aleksey Leonidovich KUDRIN (since 18 May 2000),
Deputy Premiers Aleksey Vasilyevich GORDEYEV (since 20 May
2000), Viktor Borisovich KHRISTENKO (since 31 May 1999),
Ilya Iosifovich KLEBANOV (since 31 May 1999), Valentina
Ivanovna MATVIYENKO (since 22 September 1998)
cabinet: Ministries of the Government or
"Government" composed of the premier and his
deputies, ministers, and other agency heads; all are
appointed by the president
note: there is also a Presidential
Administration (PA) that provides staff and policy support
to the president, drafts presidential decrees, and
coordinates policy among government agencies; a Security
Council also reports directly to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote
for a four-year term; election last held 26 March 2000 (next
to be held NA 2004); note - no vice president; if the
president dies in office, cannot exercise his powers because
of ill health, is impeached, or resigns, the premier
succeeds him; the premier serves as acting president until a
new presidential election is held, which must be within
three months; premier appointed by the president with the
approval of the Duma
election results: Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN
elected president; percent of vote - PUTIN 52.9%, Gennadiy
Aadreyevich ZYUGANOV 29.2%, Grigoriy Alekseyevich YAVLINSKIY
5.8% |
| Legislative
branch: |
bicameral Federal
Assembly or Federalnoye Sobraniye consists of the Federation
Council or Sovet Federatsii (178 seats; as of July 2000,
members appointed by the top executive and legislative
officials in each of the 89 federal administrative units -
oblasts, krays, republics, autonomous okrugs and oblasts,
and the federal cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg;
members serve four-year terms) and the State Duma or
Gosudarstvennaya Duma (450 seats; half elected by
proportional representation from party lists winning at
least 5% of the vote, and half from single-member
constituencies; members are elected by direct popular vote
to serve four-year terms)
elections: State Duma - last held 19 December
1999 (next to be held NA December 2003)
election results: State Duma - percent of vote
received by parties clearing the 5% threshold entitling them
to a proportional share of the 225 party list seats - KPRF
24.29%, Unity 23.32%, OVR 13.33%, Union of Right Forces
8.52%, LDPR 5.98%, Yabloko 5.93%; seats by party - KPRF 113,
Unity 72, OVR 67, Union of Rightist Forces 29, LDPR 17,
Yabloko 21, other 16, independents 106, repeat election
required 8, vacant 1 |
| Judicial
branch: |
Constitutional
Court; Supreme Court; Superior Court of Arbitration; judges
for all courts are appointed for life by the Federation
Council on the recommendation of the president |
| Political
parties and leaders: |
Agrarian Party
[Mikhail Ivanovich LAPSHIN]; Communist Party of the Russian
Federation or KPRF [Gennadiy Andreyevich ZYUGANOV];
Fatherland-All Russia or OVR [Yuriy Mikhailovich LUZHKOV];
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir
Volfovich ZHIRINOVSKIY]; Union of Right Forces [Anatoliy
Borisovich CHUBAYS, Yegor Timurovich GAYDAR, Irina Mutsuovna
KHAKAMADA, Boris Yefimovich NEMTSOV]; Unity [Sergey
Kuzhugetovich SHOYGU]; Yabloko Bloc [Grigoriy Alekseyevich
YAVLINSKIY]
note: some 150 political parties, blocs, and
movements registered with the Justice Ministry as of the 19
December 1998 deadline to be eligible to participate in the
19 December 1999 Duma elections; of these, 36 political
organizations actually qualified to run slates of candidates
on the Duma party list ballot, 6 parties cleared the 5%
threshold to win a proportional share of the 225 party seats
in the Duma, 9 other organizations hold seats in the Duma:
Bloc of Nikolayev and Academician Fedorov, Congress of
Russian Communities, Movement in Support of the Army, Our
Home Is Russia, Party of Pensioners, Power to the People,
Russian All-People's Union, Russian Socialist Party, and
Spiritual Heritage; primary political blocs include
pro-market democrats - (Yabloko Bloc and Union of Right
Forces), anti-market and/or ultranationalist (Communist
Party of the Russian Federation and Liberal Democratic Party
of Russia) |
| Political
pressure groups and leaders: |
NA |
| International
organization participation: |
APEC, ASEAN
(dialogue partner), BIS, BSEC, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN
(observer), CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ESCAP, G- 8, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU,
LAIA (observer), MINURSO, MONUC, NAM (guest), NSG, OAS
(observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UN Security Council,
UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMEE,
UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNTAET, UNTSO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer), ZC |
| Diplomatic
representation in the US: |
chief of
mission: Ambassador Yuriy Viktorovich USHAKOV
chancery: 2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington,
DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 298-5700, 5701, 5704, 5708
FAX: [1] (202) 298-5735
consulate(s) general: New York, San Francisco,
and Seattle |
| Diplomatic
representation from the US: |
chief of
mission: Ambassador James F. COLLINS
embassy: Novinskiy Bul'var 19/23, 121099 Moscow
mailing address: APO AE 09721
telephone: [7] (095) 728-5000
FAX: [7] (095) 728-5203
consulate(s) general: Saint Petersburg,
Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg |
| Flag
description: |
three equal
horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red |
| Economy
- overview: |
A decade after
the implosion of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia is still
struggling to establish a modern market economy and achieve
strong economic growth. In contrast to its trading partners
in Central Europe - which were able to overcome the initial
production declines that accompanied the launch of market
reforms within three to five years - Russia saw its economy
contract for five years, as the executive and legislature
dithered over the implementation of many of the basic
foundations of a market economy. Russia achieved a slight
recovery in 1997, but the government's stubborn budget
deficits and the country's poor business climate made it
vulnerable when the global financial crisis swept through in
1998. The crisis culminated in the August depreciation of
the ruble, a debt default by the government, and a sharp
deterioration in living standards for most of the
population. The economy rebounded in 1999 and 2000, buoyed
by the competitive boost from the weak ruble and a surging
trade surplus fueled by rising world oil prices. This
recovery, along with a renewed government effort in 2000 to
advance lagging structural reforms, have raised business and
investor confidence over Russia's prospects in its second
decade of transition. Yet serious problems persist. Russia
remains heavily dependent on exports of commodities,
particularly oil, natural gas, metals, and timber, which
account for over 80% of exports, leaving the country
vulnerable to swings in world prices. Russia's agricultural
sector remains beset by uncertainty over land ownership
rights, which has discouraged needed investment and
restructuring. Another threat is negative demographic
trends, fueled by low birth rates and a deteriorating health
situation - including an alarming rise in AIDS cases - that
have contributed to a nearly 2% drop in the population since
1992. Russia's industrial base is increasingly dilapidated
and must be replaced or modernized if the country is to
achieve sustainable economic growth. Other problems include
widespread corruption, capital flight, and brain drain. |
| GDP: |
purchasing power
parity - $1.12 trillion (2000 est.) |
| GDP
- real growth rate: |
6.3% (2000 est.) |
| GDP
- per capita: |
purchasing power
parity - $7,700 (2000 est.) |
| GDP
- composition by sector: |
agriculture:
7%
industry: 34%
services: 59% (1999 est.) |
| Population
below poverty line: |
40% (1999 est.) |
| Household
income or consumption by percentage share: |
lowest 10%:
1.7%
highest 10%: 38.7% (1998) |
| Inflation
rate (consumer prices): |
20.6% (2000 est.) |
| Labor
force: |
66 million (1997) |
| Labor
force - by occupation: |
agriculture 15%,
industry 30%, services 55% (1999 est.) |
| Unemployment
rate: |
10.5% (2000
est.), plus considerable underemployment |
| Budget: |
revenues:
$40 billion
expenditures: $33.7 billion, including capital
expenditures of $NA (2000 est.) |
| Industries: |
complete range of
mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas,
chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from
rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space
vehicles; shipbuilding; road and rail transportation
equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery,
tractors, and construction equipment; electric power
generating and transmitting equipment; medical and
scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles,
foodstuffs, handicrafts |
| Industrial
production growth rate: |
8.8% (2000 est.) |
| Electricity
- production: |
798.065 billion
kWh (1999) |
| Electricity
- production by source: |
fossil fuel:
66.31%
hydro: 19.79%
nuclear: 13.9%
other: 0% (1999) |
| Electricity
- consumption: |
728.2 billion kWh
(1999) |
| Electricity
- exports: |
20 billion kWh
(1999) |
| Electricity
- imports: |
6 billion kWh
(1999) |
| Agriculture
- products: |
grain, sugar
beets, sunflower seed, vegetables, fruits; beef, milk |
| Exports: |
$105.1 billion
(2000 est.) |
| Exports
- commodities: |
petroleum and
petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products,
metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and
military manufactures |
| Exports
- partners: |
US 8.8%, Germany
8.5%, Ukraine 6.5%, Belarus 5.1%, Italy 5%, Netherlands 4.8%
(1999) |
| Imports: |
$44.2 billion
(2000 est.) |
| Imports
- commodities: |
machinery and
equipment, consumer goods, medicines, meat, grain, sugar,
semifinished metal products |
| Imports
- partners: |
Germany 13.8%,
Belarus 10.7%, Ukraine 8.3%, US 7.9%, Kazakhstan 4.6%, Italy
3.8% (1999) |
| Debt
- external: |
$163 billion
(2000 est.) |
| Economic
aid - recipient: |
$8.523 billion
(1995) |
| Currency: |
Russian ruble (RUR) |
| Exchange
rates: |
Russian rubles
per US dollar - 28.3592 (January 2001), 28.1292 (2000),
24.6199 (1999), 9.7051 (1998), 5,785 (1997), 5,121 (1996)
note: the post-1 January 1998 ruble is equal to
1,000 of the pre-1 January 1998 rubles |
| Fiscal
year: |
calendar year |
| Telephones
- main lines in use: |
30 million (1998) |
| Telephones
- mobile cellular: |
2.5 million
(October 2000) |
| Telephone
system: |
general
assessment: the telephone system has undergone
significant changes in the 1990s; there are more than 1,000
companies licensed to offer communication services; access
to digital lines has improved, particularly in urban
centers; Internet and e-mail services are improving; Russia
has made progress toward building the telecommunications
infrastructure necessary for a market economy; however, a
large demand for main line service remains unsatisfied
domestic: cross-country digital trunk lines run
from Saint Petersburg to Khabarovsk, and from Moscow to
Novorossiysk; the telephone systems in 60 regional capitals
have modern digital infrastructures; cellular services, both
analog and digital, are available in many areas; in rural
areas, the telephone services are still outdated,
inadequate, and low density
international: Russia is connected
internationally by three undersea fiber-optic cables;
digital switches in several cities provide more than 50,000
lines for international calls; satellite earth stations
provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat,
and Orbita systems |
| Radio
broadcast stations: |
AM 420, FM 447,
shortwave 56 (1998) |
| Radios: |
61.5 million
(1997) |
| Television
broadcast stations: |
7,306 (1998) |
| Televisions: |
60.5 million
(1997) |
| Internet
country code: |
.ru |
| Internet
Service Providers (ISPs): |
35 (2000) |
| Internet
users: |
9.2 million
(2000) |
| Railways: |
total:
149,000 km
note: 86,000 km are in common carrier service;
63,000 km serve specific industries and are not available
for common carrier use; 40,000 km of the railway in common
carrier use are electrified
broad gauge: 149,000 km 1.520-m gauge (1998) |
| Highways: |
total:
952,000 km
paved: 752,000 km (including, in addition to
about 336,000 km of conventionally paved roads, about
416,000 km of roads, the surfaces of which have been
stabilized with gravel or other coarse aggregates, making
them trafficable in wet weather)
unpaved: 200,000 km (these roads are made of
unstabilized earth and are difficult to negotiate in wet
weather) (1998) |
| Waterways: |
95,900 km (total
routes in general use)
note: routes with navigation guides serving the
Russian River Fleet-95,900 km; routes with night
navigational aids-60,400 km; man-made navigable
routes-16,900 km (Jan 1994) |
| Pipelines: |
crude oil 48,000
km; petroleum products 15,000 km; natural gas 140,000 km
(June 1993 est.) |
| Ports
and harbors: |
Arkhangel'sk,
Astrakhan', Kaliningrad, Kazan', Khabarovsk, Kholmsk,
Krasnoyarsk, Moscow, Murmansk, Nakhodka, Nevel'sk,
Novorossiysk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Saint Petersburg,
Rostov, Sochi, Tuapse, Vladivostok, Volgograd, Vostochnyy,
Vyborg |
| Merchant
marine: |
total:
878 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,314,485 GRT/5,344,958
DWT
ships by type: barge carrier 1, bulk 20, cargo
543, chemical tanker 4, combination bulk 21, combination
ore/oil 7, container 31, multi-functional large-load carrier
1, passenger 35, passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 164,
refrigerated cargo 24, roll on/roll off 17, short-sea
passenger 7
note: includes a foreign-owned ship registered
here as a flag of convenience: Reunion 1 (2000 est.) |
| Airports: |
2,743 (2000 est.) |
| Airports
- with paved runways: |
total:
471
over 3,047 m: 56
2,438 to 3,047 m: 178
1,524 to 2,437 m: 76
914 to 1,523 m: 69
under 914 m: 92 (2000 est.) |
| Airports
- with unpaved runways: |
total:
2,272
over 3,047 m: 28
2,438 to 3,047 m: 118
1,524 to 2,437 m: 204
914 to 1,523 m: 324
under 914 m: 1,598 (2000 est.) |
| Military
branches: |
Ground Forces,
Navy, Air Force, Strategic Rocket Forces |
| Military
manpower - military age: |
18 years of age |
| Military
manpower - availability: |
males age
15-49: 38,866,147 (2001 est.) |
| Military
manpower - fit for military service: |
males age
15-49: 30,337,743 (2001 est.) |
| Military
manpower - reaching military age annually: |
males:
1,242,778 (2001 est.) |
| Military
expenditures - dollar figure: |
$NA |
| Military
expenditures - percent of GDP: |
NA% |
| Disputes
- international: |
dispute over at
least two small sections of the boundary with China remains
to be settled, despite 1997 boundary agreement; islands of
Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan and the Habomai group
occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by
Russia, claimed by Japan; Caspian Sea boundaries are not yet
determined among Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and
Turkmenistan; Estonian and Russian negotiators reached a
technical border agreement in December 1996, which has not
been signed or ratified by Russia as of February 2001; draft
treaty delimiting the boundary with Latvia has not been
signed; 1997 border agreement with Lithuania not yet
ratified; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but
has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the
claims of any other nation; Svalbard is the focus of a
maritime boundary dispute between Norway and Russia |
| Illicit
drugs: |
limited
cultivation of illicit cannabis and opium poppy and producer
of amphetamine, mostly for domestic consumption; government
has active eradication program; increasingly used as
transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian
opiates and cannabis and Latin American cocaine to Western
Europe, possibly to the US, and growing domestic market;
major source of heroin precursor chemicals; corruption and
organized crime are major concerns; heroin an increasing
threat in domestic drug market |
|
