| Background: |
The world's
largest archipelago, Indonesia achieved independence from
the Netherlands in 1949. Current issues include:
implementing IMF-mandated reforms of the banking sector,
effecting a transition to a popularly elected government
after four decades of authoritarianism, addressing charges
of cronyism and corruption, holding the military accountable
for human rights violations, and resolving growing
separatist pressures in Aceh and Irian Jaya. On 30 August
1999 a provincial referendum for independence was
overwhelmingly approved by the people of Timor Timur.
Concurrence followed by Indonesia's national legislature,
and the name East Timor was provisionally adopted. The
independent status of East Timor - now under UN
administration - has yet to be formally established. |
| Location: |
Southeastern
Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific
Ocean |
| Geographic
coordinates: |
5 00 S, 120 00 E |
| Map
references: |
Southeast Asia |
| Area: |
total:
1,919,440 sq km
land: 1,826,440 sq km
water: 93,000 sq km |
| Area
- comparative: |
slightly less
than three times the size of Texas |
| Land
boundaries: |
total:
2,602 km
border countries: Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New
Guinea 820 km |
| Maritime
claims: |
measured from
claimed archipelagic baselines
exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
territorial sea: 12 NM |
| Climate: |
tropical; hot,
humid; more moderate in highlands |
| Terrain: |
mostly coastal
lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains |
| Elevation
extremes: |
lowest point:
Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m |
| Natural
resources: |
petroleum, tin,
natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils,
coal, gold, silver |
| Land
use: |
arable land:
10%
permanent crops: 7%
permanent pastures: 7%
forests and woodland: 62%
other: 14% (1993 est.) |
| Irrigated
land: |
45,970 sq km
(1993 est.) |
| Natural
hazards: |
occasional
floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes |
| Environment
- current issues: |
deforestation;
water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air
pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires |
| Environment
- international agreements: |
party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Marine Life Conservation |
| Geography
- note: |
archipelago of
17,000 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles Equator;
strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from
Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean |
| Population: |
228,437,870 (July
2001 est.) |
| Age
structure: |
0-14 years:
30.26% (male 35,144,702; female 33,973,879)
15-64 years: 65.11% (male 74,273,519; female
74,458,291)
65 years and over: 4.63% (male 4,641,816;
female 5,945,663) (2001 est.) |
| Population
growth rate: |
1.6% (2001 est.) |
| Birth
rate: |
22.26
births/1,000 population (2001 est.) |
| Death
rate: |
6.3 deaths/1,000
population (2001 est.) |
| Net
migration rate: |
0 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2001 est.) |
| Sex
ratio: |
at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2001 est.) |
| Infant
mortality rate: |
40.91
deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) |
| Life
expectancy at birth: |
total
population: 68.27 years
male: 65.9 years
female: 70.75 years (2001 est.) |
| Total
fertility rate: |
2.58 children
born/woman (2001 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- adult prevalence rate: |
0.05% (1999 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- people living with HIV/AIDS: |
52,000 (1999
est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- deaths: |
3,100 (1999 est.) |
| Nationality: |
noun:
Indonesian(s)
adjective: Indonesian |
| Ethnic
groups: |
Javanese 45%,
Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26% |
| Religions: |
Muslim 88%,
Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%,
other 1% (1998) |
| Languages: |
Bahasa Indonesia
(official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local
dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese |
| Literacy: |
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 83.8%
male: 89.6%
female: 78% (1995 est.) |
| Country
name: |
conventional
long form: Republic of Indonesia
conventional short form: Indonesia
local long form: Republik Indonesia
local short form: Indonesia
former: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East
Indies |
| Government
type: |
republic |
| Administrative
divisions: |
27 provinces (propinsi-propinsi,
singular - propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah
istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital
city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten,
Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Irian Jaya, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa
Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan
Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Kepulauan
Bangka Belitung, Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa
Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan,
Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera
Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Yogyakarta*; note -
the province of Irian Jaya may have been divided into two
new provinces - Central Irian Jaya and West Irian Jaya; with
the implementation of decentralization on 1 January 2001,
the 357 districts (regencies) may become the key
administrative units
note: following the 30 August 1999 provincial
referendum for independence which was overwhelmingly
approved by the people of Timor Timur and the October 1999
concurrence of Indonesia's national legislature, the name
East Timor was adopted as a provisional name for the
political entity formerly known as Propinsi Timor Timur;
East Timor is under UN administration pending its formal
independence |
| Independence: |
17 August 1945
(proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia
became legally independent from the Netherlands) |
| National
holiday: |
Independence Day,
17 August (1945) |
| Constitution: |
August 1945,
abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional
Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959 |
| Legal
system: |
based on
Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous
concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
| Suffrage: |
17 years of age;
universal and married persons regardless of age |
| Executive
branch: |
chief of
state: President Abdurrahman WAHID (since 20
October 1999) and Vice President MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri
(since 21 October 1999); note - the president is both the
chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Abdurrahman WAHID
(since 20 October 1999) and Vice President MEGAWATI
Sukarnoputri (since 21 October 1999); note - the president
is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected
separately by the 700-member People's Consultative Assembly
or MPR for five-year terms; election last held 20 and 21
October 1999 (next to be held by NA 2004)
election results: Abdurrahman WAHID elected
president, receiving 373 votes to 313 votes for MEGAWATI
Sukarnoputri; MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri elected vice president,
defeating Hamzah HAZ; vote totals NA
note: the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis
Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the House of
Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR) plus 200
indirectly selected members; it meets every five years to
elect the president and vice president and to approve the
broad outlines of national policy |
| Legislative
branch: |
unicameral House
of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (500
seats; 462 elected by popular vote, 38 are appointed
military representatives; members serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 7 June 1999 (next to be
held NA June 2004)
election results: percent of vote by party -
PDI-P 37.4%, Golkar 20.9%, PKB 17.4%, PPP 10.7%, PAN 7.3%,
PBB 1.8%, other 4.5%; seats by party - PDI-P 154, Golkar
120, PPP 58, PKB 51, PAN 35, PBB 14, other 30 |
| Judicial
branch: |
Supreme Court or
Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by the president from a
list of candidates approved by the legislature) |
| Political
parties and leaders: |
Crescent Moon and
Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza MAHENDRA, chairman];
Development Unity Party or PPP (federation of former Islamic
parties) [Hamzah HAZ, chairman]; Federation of Functional
Groups or Golkar [Akbar TANJUNG, general chairman];
Indonesia Democracy Party or PDI (federation of former
Nationalist and Christian Parties) [Budi HARDJONO,
chairman]; Indonesia Democracy Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI
Sukarnoputri, chairperson]; National Awakening Party or PKB
[Matori Abdul DJALIL, chairman]; National Mandate Party or
PAN [Amien RAIS, chairman] |
| Political
pressure groups and leaders: |
NA |
| International
organization participation: |
APEC, ARF, AsDB,
ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer),
ISO, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMOP, UNMOT, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO |
| Diplomatic
representation in the US: |
chief of
mission: Ambassador DORODJATUN Kuntjoro-Jakti
chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200
FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los
Angeles, New York, and San Francisco |
| Diplomatic
representation from the US: |
chief of
mission: Ambassador Robert GELBARD
embassy: Jalan Merdeka Selatan 4-5, Jakarta
10110
mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, APO AP 96520
telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000
FAX: [62] (21) 3435-9922
consulate(s) general: Surabaya |
| Flag
description: |
two equal
horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag
of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of
Poland, which is white (top) and red |
| Economy
- overview: |
Indonesia, a vast
polyglot nation, faces severe economic problems, stemming
from secessionist movements and the low level of security in
the regions, the lack of reliable legal recourse in contract
disputes, corruption, weaknesses in the banking system, and
strained relations with the IMF. Investor confidence will
remain low and few new jobs will be created under these
circumstances. Growth of 4.8% in 2000 is not sustainable,
being attributable to favorable short-term factors,
including high world oil prices, a surge in nonoil exports,
and increased domestic demand for consumer durables. |
| GDP: |
purchasing power
parity - $654 billion (2000 est.) |
| GDP
- real growth rate: |
4.8% (2000 est.) |
| GDP
- per capita: |
purchasing power
parity - $2,900 (2000 est.) |
| GDP
- composition by sector: |
agriculture:
21%
industry: 35%
services: 44% (1999 est.) |
| Population
below poverty line: |
20% (1998) |
| Household
income or consumption by percentage share: |
lowest 10%:
3.6%
highest 10%: 30.3% (1996) |
| Inflation
rate (consumer prices): |
9% (2000 est.) |
| Labor
force: |
99 million (1999) |
| Labor
force - by occupation: |
agriculture 45%,
industry 16%, services 39% (1999 est.) |
| Unemployment
rate: |
15%-20% (1998
est.) |
| Budget: |
revenues:
$26 billion
expenditures: $30 billion, including capital
expenditures of $NA (2000 est.) |
| Industries: |
petroleum and
natural gas; textiles, apparel, and footwear; mining,
cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood; rubber; food; tourism |
| Industrial
production growth rate: |
7.5% (2000 est.) |
| Electricity
- production: |
78.674 billion
kWh (1999) |
| Electricity
- production by source: |
fossil fuel:
80.36%
hydro: 14.63%
nuclear: 0%
other: 5.01% (1999) |
| Electricity
- consumption: |
73.167 billion
kWh (1999) |
| Electricity
- exports: |
0 kWh (1999) |
| Electricity
- imports: |
0 kWh (1999) |
| Agriculture
- products: |
rice, cassava
(tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra;
poultry, beef, pork, eggs |
| Exports: |
$64.7 billion
(f.o.b., 2000 est.) |
| Exports
- commodities: |
oil and gas,
plywood, textiles, rubber |
| Exports
- partners: |
Japan 21%, US
14%, Singapore 10%, South Korea 7%, Netherlands 3%,
Australia 3%, Hong Kong, China, Taiwan (1999 est.) |
| Imports: |
$40.4 billion
(c.i.f., 2000 est.) |
| Imports
- commodities: |
machinery and
equipment; chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs |
| Imports
- partners: |
Japan 12%, US
12%, Singapore 10%, Germany 6%, Australia 6%, South Korea
6%, Taiwan, China (1999 est.) |
| Debt
- external: |
$144 billion
(2000 est.) |
| Economic
aid - recipient: |
$43 billion from
IMF program and other official external financing
(1997-2000) |
| Currency: |
Indonesian rupiah
(IDR) |
| Exchange
rates: |
Indonesian
rupiahs per US dollar - 10,000 (January 2001), 8,421.8
(2000), 7,855.2 (1999), 10,013.6 (1998), 2,909.4 (1997),
2,342.3 (1996) |
| Fiscal
year: |
calendar year;
note - previously was 1 April - 31 March, but starting with
2001, has been changed to calendar year |
| Telephones
- main lines in use: |
5,588,310 (1998) |
| Telephones
- mobile cellular: |
1.07 million
(1998) |
| Telephone
system: |
general
assessment: domestic service fair, international
service good
domestic: interisland microwave system and HF
radio police net; domestic satellite communications system
international: satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) |
| Radio
broadcast stations: |
AM 678, FM 43,
shortwave 82 (1998) |
| Radios: |
31.5 million
(1997) |
| Television
broadcast stations: |
41 (1999) |
| Televisions: |
13.75 million
(1997) |
| Internet
country code: |
.id |
| Internet
Service Providers (ISPs): |
24 (2000) |
| Internet
users: |
400,000 (2000) |
| Railways: |
total:
6,458 km
narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (101 km
electrified; 101 km double track); 497 km 0.750-m gauge
(1995) |
| Highways: |
total:
342,700 km
paved: 158,670 km
unpaved: 184,030 km (1997) |
| Waterways: |
21,579 km total
note: Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km,
Kalimantan 10,460 km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya
4,587 km |
| Pipelines: |
crude oil 2,505
km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989) |
| Ports
and harbors: |
Cilacap, Cirebon,
Jakarta, Kupang, Makassar, Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya |
| Merchant
marine: |
total:
609 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,698,157 GRT/3,723,933
DWT
ships by type: bulk 36, cargo 357, chemical
tanker 10, container 25, liquefied gas 3, livestock carrier
1, passenger 7, passenger/cargo 14, petroleum tanker 117,
refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 15, short-sea
passenger 8, specialized tanker 10, vehicle carrier 5 (2000
est.) |
| Airports: |
453 (2000 est.) |
| Airports
- with paved runways: |
total:
136
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 12
1,524 to 2,437 m: 39
914 to 1,523 m: 44
under 914 m: 37 (2000 est.) |
| Airports
- with unpaved runways: |
total:
317
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
914 to 1,523 m: 28
under 914 m: 283 (2000 est.) |
| Military
branches: |
Army, Navy, Air
Force, Marines
note: as of 1 July 2000, the National Police
became an independent organization that reports directly to
the president |
| Military
manpower - military age: |
18 years of age |
| Military
manpower - availability: |
males age
15-49: 64,046,049 (2001 est.) |
| Military
manpower - fit for military service: |
males age
15-49: 37,418,755 (2001 est.) |
| Military
manpower - reaching military age annually: |
males:
2,263,706 (2001 est.) |
| Military
expenditures - dollar figure: |
$1 billion
(FY98/99) |
| Military
expenditures - percent of GDP: |
1.3% (FY98/99) |
| Disputes
- international: |
Sipadan and
Ligitan Islands in dispute with Malaysia |
| Illicit
drugs: |
illicit producer
of cannabis largely for domestic use; possible growing role
as transshipment point for Golden Triangle heroin |
|
